Structures in constructions and buildings experience movements and expansions or contractions in their materials due to various factors, including earthquakes or temperature variations. These continuous movements can lead to the appearance of fissures and/or cracks, especially in critical areas such as corners or joints. But what is the difference between a fissure and a crack?
Although they are often used interchangeably, the two terms have different technical meanings:
-Fissures: these are narrow openings that affect only the surface finish of structures and buildings. They are usually microscopic, especially in concrete, and in any case do not compromise the solidity of the structural support.
-Cracks: These are openings that go through the load-bearing layer of the structure or building, such as walls or facades, and therefore affect its stability and functionality.
Cracks, which cause major damage to buildings, constructions and structures, fall into three main categories:
–Vertical cracks: These cracks are usually caused by minor settlement or normal shrinkage. However, if they are 3 mm wide or wider, they could indicate a serious settlement problem that requires specialised inspection. If the crack is wider at the top, this could indicate subsidence on one side of the foundation or uplift of the centre. On the other hand, if it is wider at the bottom, it is probably subsidence on the opposite side or at the centre.
–Horizontal cracks: Horizontal cracks are a significant problem, as they often indicate that the wall is losing structural capacity. Poor foundation settlement, damage from moisture or clogged pipes, or improper soil levelling combined with poor drainage – which would saturate the walls with water and increase hydrostatic pressure – are among the most common causes.
–Zigzag cracks: these cracks are more frequent in brick walls than in concrete walls. They follow the pattern of mortar joints, indicating a structural defect commonly associated with uneven settlement. If the width of the gap in the mortar exceeds 13 mm, the problem should be addressed immediately by a structural specialist, as it can seriously compromise the stability of the building or structure.
However, each individual case of cracking should be evaluated by a structural engineering specialist to determine the extent and appropriate solutions.
By Jean Carlos Soto, Senior Structural Engineer in Amusement Logic’s Architectural Dept.
Cover photo: @Freepik.es
