Propane, known as R290, has ceased to be an experimental alternative in the HVAC sector (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) and has become an established frontrunner. Its rise is due to a compelling reason: its environmental impact is virtually negligible compared to synthetic gases.
However, sustainability is not its only advantage. R290 has a higher coefficient of performance than other gases, particularly in cold climates. Moreover, thanks to its ability to heat water to 75°C — the standard operating temperature of traditional boilers — systems using R290 can directly replace existing installations without changing the equipment.
Added to all this is its regulatory independence: as a natural refrigerant (a hydrocarbon) with a negligible global warming potential, it is not subject to the progressive bans or the rising costs and levies already imposed on synthetic fluorinated gases.
The main drawback of propane, however, is its flammability. Classified as A3, it requires strict safety measures in design, installation and maintenance alike. The technical solution to this issue lies in a compact outdoor installation, ensuring that all the gas remains outside the building.
Furthermore, propane is heavier than air; therefore, to prevent dangerous accumulations in the event of a leak, it must be installed away from ignition sources, drains or basements. Manufacturers, however, have addressed these challenges with specific technology: compressors with ‘spark-free’ electronics and safety fans which, activated by sensors, evacuate any minor leak before it reaches hazardous levels.
Whereas a decade ago only isolated developments using R290 were being produced, today supply is widespread. All major manufacturers offer propane-based solutions. It is an abundant and inexpensive gas, so the immediate challenge is not availability but regulatory harmonisation and, equally, the provision of appropriate technical training for professionals.
By Juan Carlos Soria, Senior MEP Engineer in the Architecture Department at Amusement Logic
